Father of psychology

Psychology is the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions. The phenomena are such things like feelings, desires, cognitions, reasoning, decisions, and the like. When these are phenomena are superficially considered, their variety and complexity leaves a chaotic impression on the observer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Father of psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different individuals tried to organize these phenomena in order to come up with a uniformed discipline, the modern psychology. Due to the high number of contributors to this field, the actual founding ‘father of psychology’ is disputed. This essay examines a number of key figures associated with the psychology. The essay, however, singles out one figure that best fits the description of being the ‘father of psychology’. Two of the earliest founders of psychology are Plato (428-347 B.C.E) and Aristotle (384-322). These two famous Greek philosophers had far-reaching influence on Western thought. Although neither is best known for his psychological ideas, both have had an impact on Western conceptions of the mind. For instance, Plato believed that the truth lay in abstract concepts, or forms that could be grasped through reason alone. He argues that the data we get from our senses is impermanent and, thus, illusionary. The notion of an inborn mental ability to grasp concepts and categories is consistent with modern cognitive psychology and neuroscience, although the dismissal of ‘sense data’ is not. Aristotle was much enamored of the natural world and believed knowledge to come from systematic, logical reasoning about our observations of nature. He held that the capacity for logical reasoning is innate, but the content of our knowledge can only be grasped through our senses. In this way, Aristotle anticipated the foundations of modern science. Plato also had ideas about emotions and emotional control that anticipated Freud’s theories of the ego and the id. Plato’s three-part division of the soul into appetite, reason, and temper has been linked to Freud’s division of the mind into id, ego, and superego.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Plato also believed in controlling the bodily passions in order to turn one’s desire toward loftier goals. This is described in his metaphor of the soul as a charioteer with a pair of winged steeds. One steed is immortal like that of the gods and aspires toward contemplation of spiritual beauty. The other steed is mortal and plunges toward earth and toward animalistic passions and desire. The chariot must rein in the steed of animal appetites in order for the soul to gain true happiness. The earthly steed can be tied to the id and the charioteer to the ego. On more loss grounds, the immortal steed can be linked to the superego . The ideas of the Greek philosophers were disseminated through the Roman Empire and remained influential until its fall in the fourth century C.E. By then, Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire, and following the fall of Rome, the Christian church was essentially the only surviving institution. Although many aspects of pagan philosophical thought were integrated into church teaching, anything that did not fit with Christian theology was considered heretical. Medieval Christianity laid emphasis on the next world than on our happiness within this one. After the European Renaissance (15th -16th centuries), there was a sea change of cultural and intellectual values. Philosophers started to revisit those ideas to create a new way of seeing the mind. Although psychology as a discipline did not exist, philosophy was beginning to lay the groundwork for what could later become psychology . There are a number of philosophe rs who lived during this era, and who made various contributions to the field of psychology. These include Descartes (1596), Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), and John Locke (1632-1704). Basically, Descartes made the concept of the mind front and center of his philosophy. His famous phrase, ‘I think, therefore, I am’ links the mental function of thinking to the proof of his very existence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Father of psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was a naturalist who carefully observed thyme natural world and even dissected animals to examine the relationships between the mental and bodily processes. In fact, Cartesian dualism, the notion that the mind and the body are separate entities, continues to inspire debate to this day. Another medieval philosopher was Spinoza. He was a Sephardic Jew living in the Netherlands though he was later excomm unicated from the Jewish community for what he termed as heretical writings. Spinoza believed that our main psychological drive was the promotion and protection of our well being and survival. This idea anticipated evolutionary psychology. He also believed our three primary emotions to be pleasure, pain, and desire. This signals the state of our well-being. This notion anticipated Freud’s pleasure principle. Spinoza also taught that our cognitive appraisal of a situation determines our emotional response. Simply put, how we think about any event will shape how we feel about it. As such, it is possible to change our emotions by changing our thoughts. This is the basic principle behind cognitive therapy, which was pioneered in the mid-twentieth century by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis . Another medieval philosopher, Thomas Hobbes was most famous for his political philosophy and his view of life in the status of nature as lonely, vicious, rough, and brief†. He also harbored ideas about cognition and memory by believing that all our knowledge comes from our sense impressions. Reminiscences are the residue of the initial sense impressions, just like waves that continue even after the wind ceases.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He noted that ideas get linked in memory when the sense impressions first occur close in time. This concept of associative memory became the basis of behaviorism, a psychological movement that arose in the twentieth century. John Locke was another political philosopher of the medieval era. He divided ideas into two classes namely sensation and reflection. By the time psychology came into its own as an independent discipline, the scientific revolution had been two centuries old. Much more was known about the nervous system, the brain and the chemical and electrical processes in the body than could have been dreamt of by the earlier philosophers. The scientific method had continued to evolve and technology allowed for sophisticated instruments of measurement. As such, when psychology burst on the scene in the late 1880s, its proponents were eager to prove to this new field as worthy as a science as any other science as any other discipline. As such, advancements in the field of psycho logy changed course from a philosophy-oriented discipline to a more scientific one. One of the pioneering scientists cum psychologist to address psychological questions using scientific means was Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920). Although he was not the first to adopt such an orientation, he was the first to establish a scientific laboratory devoted specifically to psychology. This was done in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. Although a number of scientists had made contributions concerning our understanding of sensation and perception prior to Wundt’s, none of them considered himself a psychologist per se. These included Ernst Weber, Herrmann Helmholtz, and Gustav Fechner. In deed, many have considered Wundt as the father of psychology. However, his orientation is perceived to be too scientific. His focus was on mapping the mechanics of sensation with mathematical precision. He identified the components of the brain and laid the basis for the principle of structuralism. For this reason, Wundt is considered the father of psychology. It should be noted that Wundt is not the founding father of psychology. This is because he did not discover the discipline, and can, therefore, not be termed as the founding father. Wundt established psychology as science discipline as it is known today, and that is why he is considered the father of the discipline. Needless to say, his ideas were based on earlier contributions by scientists; hence, he owes much of his title to other pioneering figures such as William James, and Sigmund Freud. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born in Neckarau on August 16, 1832. He had Lutheran father who doubled up as his teacher and roommate. He went to a boarding school at the age of 13 before proceeding to University where he studied medicine. He became a lecturer taught courses on physiology in the University of Heidelberg. He set up a lab at Leipzig to investigate human senses. The laboratory grew to include many rooms. Wundt also began a journ al he called Philosophische Studien, as well as classes on physiological psychology. The journal, published in 1881, contained experimental results from his laboratory. The psychological laboratory founded by Wundt became an important center for psychological training. Wundt’s students later set up laboratories in the major universities of Germany and the U.S. All these advancements resulted to the establishment of philosophy as an independent science. Wundt Believed that the focus of psychology should be the study of the immediate, conscious experience, implying that people sense and perceive after a reflection in their inner minds. This view was strongly shared by one of Wundt’s students, Edward Titchener (1867-1927). Titchener proposed that immediate experience could be broken down into elements of sensations and feelings. Titchener held that it as the role of the psychologists to identify these elements and then discover how they combine to produce meaningful whole s. This approach was later named structuralism. Basically, psychologists should seek the structure of the mind by breaking it down into elementary parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound. In conclusion, although Wundt is considered the father of psychology, his approach to psychology is not beyond reproof. Critics of structuralism argue that while it is possible to observe directly and measure a chemical compound, it’s not easy to observe the internal workings of the human mind. Mental events are subjective, personal, and difficult to record. However, structuralists realized this loophole with their approach and remedied using a technique known as systematic introspection. This method requires people tom provide rigorous self reports of their own internal experiences. References Cohen, L. J. (2011). The Handy Psychology answer book. London: Cengage Learning. Coon, D. (2005). Psychology: a modular approach to mind and behavior. London: Cengage Lear ning. Nairne, J. S. (2010). Psychology. New York: Cengage Learning. Nevid, J. S. (2011). Essential os psychology. New York: Cengage Learning. Plotnik, R. (2010). Introduction to psychology. New York: Cengage Learning. Sydney, E., Schultz, D. P. (2011). A history of modern psychology. London: Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. H., Thorne, B. M. (2001). Connections in the history and systems of psychology. Michigan: Houghton Mifflin Co. This essay on Father of psychology was written and submitted by user Vivienne Wall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Family Ecology

Comparing Families A family is â€Å"any sexually expressive or parent child relationship in which people are usually related by ancestry, by marriage, or adoption who form an economic unit and care for any young†. There are several theoretical perspectives involving the family unit, which aid sociologists in the way that the family is viewed. Each theory has its own significance in regard to better understanding families. However, this paper will focus on the Family Ecology perspective. This theory will be applied to the vignette involving Harry and Antoinette Creamy. Their family life will be compared and contrasted to my family life. The Family Ecology Theory is â€Å"how Families are influenced and influence the environments around them. Families are interdependent on their neighborhood, social, and physical environment†. Basically the perspective explores the families development being affected by the environment it resides in. .The interaction a family has with three major environments has a large impact upon that institution. The neighborhood they reside in, their social environment, and their physical environment influence the family. The neighborhood that the family lives in has a very large impact upon the workings of the family. For example, many families must cope with the threat of violence in their neighborhood. The family’s responses to the pending threats may make a family a stronger unit, or may stop the family from developing properly. If violence is a large part of every day life the family will not only accept it, but will weave violence into its own structure. Depending on where the neighborhood is also affects a family. If they are in a rural area family members are more likely to have better access to health care. Generally speaking, the children also receive a better education. Yet, those families living in more urban areas have less access to good health care due to impoverished conditions. Also, the child... Free Essays on Family Ecology Free Essays on Family Ecology Comparing Families A family is â€Å"any sexually expressive or parent child relationship in which people are usually related by ancestry, by marriage, or adoption who form an economic unit and care for any young†. There are several theoretical perspectives involving the family unit, which aid sociologists in the way that the family is viewed. Each theory has its own significance in regard to better understanding families. However, this paper will focus on the Family Ecology perspective. This theory will be applied to the vignette involving Harry and Antoinette Creamy. Their family life will be compared and contrasted to my family life. The Family Ecology Theory is â€Å"how Families are influenced and influence the environments around them. Families are interdependent on their neighborhood, social, and physical environment†. Basically the perspective explores the families development being affected by the environment it resides in. .The interaction a family has with three major environments has a large impact upon that institution. The neighborhood they reside in, their social environment, and their physical environment influence the family. The neighborhood that the family lives in has a very large impact upon the workings of the family. For example, many families must cope with the threat of violence in their neighborhood. The family’s responses to the pending threats may make a family a stronger unit, or may stop the family from developing properly. If violence is a large part of every day life the family will not only accept it, but will weave violence into its own structure. Depending on where the neighborhood is also affects a family. If they are in a rural area family members are more likely to have better access to health care. Generally speaking, the children also receive a better education. Yet, those families living in more urban areas have less access to good health care due to impoverished conditions. Also, the child...

The 7-Eleven company and Indian industry based on PEST analysis Essay

The 7-Eleven company and Indian industry based on PEST analysis - Essay Example The retail industry is India’s main source of income and it is thought that it would be the future of India in the coming years because of the improvement that are being done to it. Most of the urban middle class citizens rely hugely on this industry for their income. However, food and grocery are too contributing greatly to the country’s economy and it is a big part of the retail industry in India. According to research, the food retail industry is growing at a vast rate thought to be approximately 30% and it is believed that the food retail industry would be the driving force in India’s economy. This has been brought about by the pest analysis that is duly understood and used by the retail industries in India (Byars 1999) . The success of any market industry hugely depends on the environment in which the business organization is situated. The study of the environment clearly shows the factors that would affect the demand and supply patterns of a commodity, as w ell as the cost of the commodity. This is the criteria behind pest analysis that incorporates the idea of understanding the business environment, identifying the factors that would affect the the important variables in an organization that would in turn affect the organization’s demand and supply patterns and the cost of the commodity. The small changes that occur in society affects the operation of an organization in one way or the other and moreover they create an uncertain business environment that affects the functioning of the whole organization (Cooper 2000). Therefore the development of the pest analysis was mainly as a result of the business organizations wanting to know the number of possible issues that affect the business industry and how they would take advantage of their competitors (Porter 1985). This is aimed at enabling the organization to deliver quality services and attract more customers in the industry. Pest analysis therefore groups the environmental fact ors that affect the functioning of the organization into political, social, economical and technological factors. In addition, PEST analysis examines the effect of these factors and how they interplay each other in the business. Clearly using PEST analysis enables a business organization to take advantage of market opportunities and know how to deal with the competitive threats in the business and the strategic plans of the organization. It is important for an organization to look at the environment before deciding on investing in the new area. The environment dictates the people and other factors that affect the business and thus understanding them is vital to the business success. Environmental analysis should be continuous and it is a show of how the company would plan for the future including coming up with new strategies for the business. An organization’s marketing environment is made up of an internal environment, the micro-environment and the macro-environment. Intern al environment includes the technology being used in the office, the internal customers, or how employees are paid. The micro-environment include customers from other parts outside the country, agents and distributors, suppliers of raw materials and the competitors. While the macro-environment include factors such as political and legal factors, economic forces in a given religion. The understanding of these factors and how they affected the Indian industries was a major driving force to the interest and success of the 7-Eleven company in India. PEST analysis has brought about the rapid rise of the food industry in India especially in the 7-Eleven retail giant founded in Texas where it has developed large food stores. Kottler (1998) believes that PEST analysis is a nice business tool that can be used to identify the market growth or the decline of the market and the future directions of

Case study report reviewing marketing strategy and operations for Assignment

Case study report reviewing marketing strategy and operations for Nestle company - Assignment Example In essence, the company’s revenue base has been increasing subsequently over the past few decades. Presently, the company is ranked position 72 among the leading global business firms in the food and beverage industry. The company has established itself among the competitors and developed to be a favorite for many consumers in the industry. The company has established several outstanding strategies for building value for stakeholders and consumers. For instance, the company has established a smooth communication system with the customers and the stakeholders. Essentially, the company has made good use of the modern technology to communicate with clients and the stakeholders. For example, the company has developed a comprehensive website where the information regarding the nature and type of products produced by the company can be traced. Moreover, the company enhances quality production to facilitate consumer satisfaction and thereby boost the quantity of sale. Basically, quality production is a primary approach towards creating value for a product or service offered by a company. The Nestle Company has been of great importance to the society on matters of social and economic development. For instance, the company offers education scholarship to students from poor backgrounds. In addition, the company funds education programs that promote the development of technical skills to ensure that all members of the society possess skills from which they can source their daily bread. Consequently, the company supports health development programs in the various regions it has established its business. In addition, the company is an advocate of sustainable development. For instance, the company has established safe disposals points of solid waste to avoid polluting the environment. Moreover, the company as managed to reduce the use of fossil fuels by a notable

The giving tree summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The giving tree summary - Essay Example The boy no longer gleamed with happiness, and this hurt the tree that had no choice but to inquire if there is anything she could do help the boy and make him happy once again. The boy, now an adolescent, desired money; therefore, the tree offered him her apples to go sell so that she could see him happy again (Silverstein, 1964). Time passed, and the boy grew into an adult and his state of unhappiness returned, and the tree inquired once again what she could do to make the boy happy. The boy responded by saying he would like to make a house and raise his family; therefore, the tree gave him her branches and both were happy again. Time passed, and the boy returned to the tree sad. Once more, the tree asked what she could do for him to make him happy and the boy told her that he needed a boat that would enable him to sail far away. Therefore, the tree offered the boy her trunk to build his boat. Both were happy, and the boy sailed off into lands unknown and never returned until he was very old (Silverstein, 1964). The tree was so happy when the boy returned in his old age, but her happiness was soon short-lived when she realized she had nothing left to give the boy. The tree explained the situation to the boy who told her that he only needed a place to sit and rest for he was old and tired. Therefore, the tree offered him her stump, and both were once again happy (Silverstein,

Technology and the Future of Pornography

Technology and the Future of Pornography Pornography and the Internet: A Healthy Marriage To say that pornography is a profitable industry is to terribly understate reality. Though it does not have it’s own NAICS ‘code’, estimates of the extent to which sex sells range from at least $1 billion to up to $50 billion dollars annually (Byers 2004, p. 6; Cronin Davenport 2001, p. 38; Davidson 2003, p. 92; Murray 2004, p. 9; Simpson 2003, p. 1). Clearly, the estimates are wide ranging, due in large part to the lack of formal reporting methods for such occupations as â€Å"prostitute† and â€Å"exotic dancer† while adult bookstores may, from an industry accounting perspective, may simply be viewed as a â€Å"bookstore†. In addition, it is important to note that the pornography pseudo-industry is not just a multi-billion dollar force, it is a growing industry. Market Overview The principal reason for its recent explosive growth is in many ways similar to reason for pornography’s first â€Å"boom†, the invention of the printing press. The press permitted wide scale distribution and subsequent access of not just Bibles and books but other ‘subjects of interest’ which allowed the public’s latent desires to be aroused. In more recent times, the internet represents the application of disruptive technology in that it is a form of distribution that, especially for pornography, presents additional advantages over the pornography of yesterday with regards to a distribution that is an order of magnitude larger than the press is capable (Davidson 2003, p. 91). Pornography that is online represents a significant portion of the broader category of pornography in general which also includes print, television and music media. This category in turn is part of an even larger segment of â€Å"sex† which further encompasses adult clu bs, escort services and other products and services that are estimated to contribute the almost half a trillion dollar global industry. Of this, though estimates are difficult due to the nature of the industry, analysts suggested in 1999 that between $2-2.5 billion is from online sources, a figure which constitutes perhaps  ½ of all online revenues (Cronin Davenport 2003, p. 38; Byers 2004, pp. 6-7, Thompson 2005, p. 32). Concurrent with the growth in revenue is the proliferation of a pornographic web content which witnessed an eightfold (8x) growth between 2001 and 2005 (Thompson 2005, p. 32). One net effect of this is an overall industry is that it is both an attractive industry with regards to margins yet is highly competitive and fragmented. In further consideration of the industry, the following analysis is presented: Strengths – Pornography is perhaps as recession-proof an industry as the funeral home business. The product is backed by a millennia of biological imperative and fueled by a never-ending thirst for satisfaction and pleasure. When enabled by ubiquitous internet technology, it is easier to access and this access breeds familiarity which in turn creates a creeping social acceptance. Weaknesses – Clearly pornography is not ‘embraced’ by society as a whole. While there is evidence that its consumption may lead to a host of social ills such as violence or exploitation of children, this industry faces a stigma greater than industries such as alcohol, tobacco, gambling or firearms. Opportunities – Though there are some signs that, in its current iteration, the industry is maturing (Cronin Davenport 2001, p. 45). Despite this, there should be little doubt that, â€Å"†¦the digital age is porn’s golden age† (Byers 2004, p.8). Additionally, the nature of both the industry and the technology presents a very low cost of entry to a trade for it seems there is an insatiable demand. Threats – Perhaps the greatest threat is simply negative stigma attached to pornography as being obscene, indecent, perverted, ‘dirty’ or other negative label. Though consumers are relatively assured of anonymity, there remains a fear of being discovered whether by one’s spouse, supervisor, congregation, neighbors or others. Worth mentioning is the threat of being â€Å"outlawed†. Though pornography functions under a broad interpretation of the US first amendment concerning free speech, illicit pornography still manages to flourish, especially in the age of the internet. Overall, though pornography may be a maturing industry, due in large part to the omnipresence of the internet, it is an evolving one due to the fact that 2/3 of Americans have internet access (Management Today 2005, p. 19: Thompson 2005, p. 32). Of this online activity in 2004, excluding pornography, the market for paid online content was almost $2 billion of which â€Å"personals and dating† and â€Å"entertainment lifestyles† construed approximately half (Thompson 2005, p. 32). This evolution is a consequence to the interest to facilitate the distribution anonymous, affordable and on-demand pornography. This broad distribution, while meeting an apparent pent-up consumer demand, has had the side effect of ‘decentralizing’ a formerly constrained industry. For example, whereas one previously had to venture to seedy locales that were, for the most part, geographically restricted to a certain area of town to partake of pornography, pornography is now virtuall y everywhere (Davidson 2003, p. 97). Subsequently, this decentralization has resulted in a broader acceptance manifested by both wider recognition of its existence and the ‘pushing back’ of the line of what constitutes socially acceptable â€Å"pornography†. For example, consider the 1995 release of music from convicted felon Snoop Doggy Dogg in which group and oral sex was ‘advocated’ (!). Prior to this controversial release, one might have thought that the fundamental laws of economics and the general sensibilities and tolerances of even youth would essentially squelch such ‘filth’ yet, to the surprise of many, the songs in questions hit the top of the charts and sold over 300,000 copies within weeks (Davidson 2003, p. 100). Clearly, such an example illustrates the slipping lines of what is tolerated, accepted and even embraced by society. Technology Enabled Pleasure Marketing With this degree of financial impact pornographers, regardless of perceived social virtues, there is a penultimate combination of marketing- and technology-savvy that is driven by the motivation of the obtaining just a piece of the fortunes that seemingly stand to be taken. Beginning with a virtually irresistible and attractive product, modern pornographers have been at the forefront of profitably e-commerce almost since the inception of the internet. Pornographers are widely regarded as the first and most profitable internet business models (Davidson 2003, pp. 191-192; Vinas 1996, p.11). Though they are marketing a highly desirable product, pornographers have both employed technology and been facilitated by the nature of the technology of the internet in a number of ways to enable their business. Key to facilitating online pornography are the following characteristic of e-commerce (Cronin Davenport 2001, pp. 36-37): Transparency – The internet as a consumptive product is truly â€Å"WYSWYG†, the compu-speak acronym for â€Å"what you see is what you get†. Immediacy – With the internet, one’s delay in gratification is limited solely by the size of one’s wallet (or purse), the bandwidth of connection and the speed at which one can click. Disintermediation – Clearly, the internet is a medium which readily lends itself to a direct-to-consumer business model in which profit-taking, cost-increasing middlemen are eliminated. Price Competition – A key aspect of the ability of the internet to facilitate comparable prices for comparable products is the speed and availability of consumers to ‘price shop’ and vote with their financial patronage for the product which grants them the greatest utility. Convenience – 24/7. No clerks. No â€Å"Closed† signs†¦. And you never have to even get dressed and leave the house. Accessibility – The internet in not only in your home, it is also in your office (a fact that has been the bane of some), it is on the road and if you do not own a computer, you can likely borrow a public access terminal at the local library. Modularity – A consumer is not forced to ‘one-top shop’ – they can fulfill one fetish of their pastiche identity at one site and another at a different site†¦. Something for everyone, or rather, everything for almost anyone. Low Switching Costs – There is little â€Å"lock-in† through contracts or any other means. A consumer can, with little or no direct or indirect cost incursion, switch from â€Å"this-is-my-fantasy† to â€Å"that-is-my-fantasy†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ they can even likely have both, maybe, bandwidth permitting, simultaneously. Impersonality – This factor is one of the most salient in that, within reason, anonymity is relatively assured. For ‘respectable’ persons to be able to acquire smut desires of their heart without having to risk discovery is likely a key driver of the how technology is driving the financial success of pornography. Similar to the nine factors above, other theorists similarly summarize the key drivers of the proliferate success of online pornography such as Cooper’s ‘Triple A Engine’ in which access, affordability and anonymity come together for tremendous synergy (Byers 2004, p. 1). An additional factor that is present in online pornography is found in the very nature of internet technology itself: the ability to gather, analyze and act upon actual consumptive data (Davidson 2003, p. 181). Pornographers are perhaps among the world’s greatest marketeers in their ability to mine data and utilize this information to drive additional sales or, as one report puts it, charge and collect a fee for the customer to have the opportunity to spend even more money (Weber 1997, A1).. Thorns of E-Commerce Though surfing the internet is perhaps functionally anonymous, there are nonetheless bits and pieces of data left behind of which many cases are involuntarily and unknowing. For example, if a certain user, identifiable initially by a specific IP address visits one certain site, porn marketeers make use of computer algorithms to predict additional sites of interest which are then presented as pop-ups or other intrusive internet marketing techniques. For consumers who voluntarily submit information such as might be utilized for â€Å"club†-access, the pornographer has access to even more information in addition to information gleaned from recurrent visits such as which web pages were viewed, etc. As technology has enable pornography, pornographers have quite likely made full use of this technology using, at best, ethically questionable marketing tactics. Such tactics are designed redirect unsuspecting internet surfers to either an explicit web site or to a gateway to one. Once there, pornographers often make it very difficult to leave yet very easy, i.e., automatic, to come back. While it is an accepted retailer strategy to take such steps as utilizing larger shopping carts, positioning commodities such as milk or toilet paper at the back of a store, and to utilized free samples, pornography-in-general has a reputation for ‘virtually’ kidnapping browsers through hiding or re-tasking exit buttons, unrequested software downloads, resetting home pages and other techniques designed to direct consumers to their sites, entice them with their wares and keep them there longer than they might want to stay (Murray 2004, pp. 63-67). The increasing proliferation and acceptance of pornography represents a significant market force for marketeers as this force works ‘both ways’. That is, as pornography gains a larger market, the ‘pie’ grows in size while, consequently, what was taboo becomes more normalized, pornographers must become increasing creative in pushing the envelope. The downside for pornographic producers is that they are fundamentally limited by a fixed number of body orifices and the arriving at some new form of ‘sex’ would seem to be a finite proposition. This dual-natured dilemma is also represented in the efforts of some in society to squelch or at least, contain pornography by the proposal of a â€Å".xxx† internet domain designation for ‘x-rated’ sites. On one side, such a device would make it easier to filter out unwanted pornography yet it requires compliance from both the pornographic industry and a desire for compliance on behalf of the consumer. Additionally, in the event that such a requirement was enacted, it would serve the ‘undesirable’ purpose of legitimatizing an industry that many would just as soon pretend did not exist. Finally, such an action might have the ‘net’ effect of essentially doubling the available cyber-shelf space of pornography as marketeers could simply operation two identical sites (one site with two IP addresses) (Trueman 2005, p. 12a). As pornographers gain financially, they do not do so in isolation. In addition to generating revenue from targeted ad placements in pornographic media, other firms profit directly from its success and distribution. For example, payment intermediaries such as Visa, Mastercard, PayPal and similar firms capture a fixed percentage of every ‘dirty’ dollar and, as was indicated previously, there are ‘many-billion’ of them. Despite the massive financial gain, credit card firms may be under pressure from groups that would prefer pornography not to exist (Lubove 2003). Regardless of the hassles that the credit card oligopolies seek to impose, the sheer financial impetus of the industry is assurance that the mother of invention, if needed, will create a solution that will deliver the goods to lonely, demanding consumers. The Future of Pornography Regardless of one’s love or hate of pornography, it is the nature of fallen man to seek pleasure and avoid pain. It is the nature of the capitalism to meet the needs of any market with funds sufficient to cover the costs. Thus, the question is not whether pornography will exist, rather, the question is what will it look like and how will it be delivered? Currently, the continuing emergence of broadband and multimedia applications is fueling the growth of mobile telecommunications equipment. This segment resulted in over $600M revenue in Europe in 2003 and is projected to grow 5x in less than three years to over $3 billion (Booth 2003, p. 17). With regards to the current version of online pornography, there is likely to be either increased regulation of marketing practices or the growth of third-party software providers to block aggressive attempts and the pornographers’ online version of the telecommunications industry’s ‘slamming’ practices. As cyber space becomes more crowded and competitive with seemingly indistinguishable offerings, more traditional marketing strategies such as ‘adding value’, emphasizing communities and clubs and niche marketing will be more extensively utilized. In addition, due to the social stigma associated with not only pornography but advertising it as well, marketeers will likely focus on programs that are subtle, suggestive and semiotic (rather than ‘in-your-face’). In addition, the continued integration of technology is likely to be a coming event. Mobile phone internet browsers that make computing at home, at the office or on the go a nea rly seamless digital environment in which you can be with either stored or streamed content of your choice anywhere. Finally, it would seem as the next step of the industry and the ultimate future of online pornography will complete virtual sex experiences in which there is participation as well as sights, sounds and sensation. Though â€Å"teledildonics† is a well-explored concept, there are no commercially available products currently available (Balderson Mitchell 2001). Regardless, the arrival in the homes of technology that currently exists with remote surgery apparatus will herald a new techno-sexual renaissance which, as history has witnessed, pornography will eagerly adopt. Works Consulted Author Unknown. (2005, December). Management Today, p. 19. Balderson, M., and Mitchell, T. (2001). â€Å"Virtual Vaginas and Pentium Penises A Critical Study of Teledildonics and Digital S(t)imulation†. http://www.georgetown.edu/users/baldersm/essays/teledildonics.pdf. Accessed February 3, 2006. Booth, N. (2003, November). â€Å"More Bang for Your Buck†. Total Telecom Magazine, p. 17. Byers, L. (2004, April). â€Å"Pornography and the Internet†. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (MA Thesis). Cronin, B., and Davenport, E. (2001). â€Å"E-Rogenous Zones: Positioning Pornography in the Digital Economy†. The Information Society, (17), pp. 33-48. Davidson, D. (2003). Selling Sin: The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products, 2nd edition. Praeger: Westport, Connecticut. Lubove, S. (2005, March 1). â€Å"Visa’s Porn Crackdown†. http://www.forbes.com/2003/05/01/cz_sl_0501porn_print.html. Murray, B. (2004). Defending the Brand: Aggressive Strategies for Protecting Your Brand in the Online Area. American Management Assocication: New York, New York. Simpson, N. (2003, Fall). â€Å"The Money Shot: How the Porn Business Resurrected the Studio System†. University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada (MA Thesis). Thompson, M. (2005, August). â€Å"Online Recreation†. Technology Review, p. 32. Trueman, P. (2005, September 15). â€Å".XXX Would Legitimatize Porn†. USA Today, p. 12a. Vinas, T. (1998, September 21). â€Å"X-Rated and on the A-List†. IndustryWeek, pp. 11-12. Weber, T. (1997, May 20). â€Å"The X-Files: For those who scoff at internet commerce, here’s a hot market Raking in millions, sex sites use old-fashioned porn and cutting edge tech Lessons from the Mainstream†. The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A1. New York, New York.

Preserve the Oak Ridges Moraine :: essays research papers

The Oak Ridges Moraine is one of the last natural areas in southern Ontario which we can preserve for future generations. The Moraine has many natural resources that our city will need for the future. It also is has over nine hundred species of animals, many of which are rare or endangered. Lastly, there are numerous of other places to build homes on without harming twelve thousand years of history. Ruining the beautiful Oak Ridges Moraine would be a mistake because it provides many natural resources, it is home to many animals, and there are other places to build besides the Moraine. The Oak Ridges Moraine provides many natural resources, and it is crucial to preserve them, because they play such an important role in our country. Water, is a perfect example of a resource that we definitely cannot afford to waste, and the Oak Ridges Moraine is a direct source of drinking water for more than a quarter of a million people. Another resource we need to keep is trees, even thought there are a lot of trees in northern Canada, transporting them will take a lot of time and money. The moraine also forms headwaters for 4 major rivers, like the Don Rouge Humber, and Credit Rivers. We need to preserve natural resources, like water, trees, and headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine because they are vital to our everyday living. Within the moraine there are countless species of animals that will soon be displaces from their habitant. Many of the creatures are endangered or rare, for example the West Virginia White Butterfly, Jefferson Salamander, Red-shouldered Hawk, American Ginseng, and the Hooded warbler. Putting these animals in zoos, or special buildings is not the answer, because they will not have the surroundings that they are used to in the wild. Also, by building roads in the Moraine, there will be a bigger chance that these animals are run over, or hit by the incoming cars. In conclusion, we should preserve the Oak Ridges Moraine and its animals because they are endangered they can?t live in zoos, and may be killed by the urban environment. Even thought the Oak Ridges Moraine is a very tempting place to build, but the city of Toronto has countless of other places to build homes. One area that Toronto can build on is the Major Mackenzie and Keele area, that land will be put to good use, because we are expanding the city, and preserving the Moraine. Preserve the Oak Ridges Moraine :: essays research papers The Oak Ridges Moraine is one of the last natural areas in southern Ontario which we can preserve for future generations. The Moraine has many natural resources that our city will need for the future. It also is has over nine hundred species of animals, many of which are rare or endangered. Lastly, there are numerous of other places to build homes on without harming twelve thousand years of history. Ruining the beautiful Oak Ridges Moraine would be a mistake because it provides many natural resources, it is home to many animals, and there are other places to build besides the Moraine. The Oak Ridges Moraine provides many natural resources, and it is crucial to preserve them, because they play such an important role in our country. Water, is a perfect example of a resource that we definitely cannot afford to waste, and the Oak Ridges Moraine is a direct source of drinking water for more than a quarter of a million people. Another resource we need to keep is trees, even thought there are a lot of trees in northern Canada, transporting them will take a lot of time and money. The moraine also forms headwaters for 4 major rivers, like the Don Rouge Humber, and Credit Rivers. We need to preserve natural resources, like water, trees, and headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine because they are vital to our everyday living. Within the moraine there are countless species of animals that will soon be displaces from their habitant. Many of the creatures are endangered or rare, for example the West Virginia White Butterfly, Jefferson Salamander, Red-shouldered Hawk, American Ginseng, and the Hooded warbler. Putting these animals in zoos, or special buildings is not the answer, because they will not have the surroundings that they are used to in the wild. Also, by building roads in the Moraine, there will be a bigger chance that these animals are run over, or hit by the incoming cars. In conclusion, we should preserve the Oak Ridges Moraine and its animals because they are endangered they can?t live in zoos, and may be killed by the urban environment. Even thought the Oak Ridges Moraine is a very tempting place to build, but the city of Toronto has countless of other places to build homes. One area that Toronto can build on is the Major Mackenzie and Keele area, that land will be put to good use, because we are expanding the city, and preserving the Moraine.