An overview of fashion design history

IntroductionManner is a warming issue in everyday life, which is close to about each aspect of society. As the growth of globalization, way organizations are trying to more possibilities in worldwide market by set uping subordinates everywhere throughout the universe. Blending to Helen ( 1965 ) , way configuration is using committed craftsmanship in vesture and accessories to set up an alone way. In today ‘s way field, Italy is considered in the prima topographic point for its exquisite and devoted way. In any case, France and Japan are other than produce top of the line inside decorators who have increased worldwide notoriety in way structure and set up commended exchange names. The historical backdrop of way configuration could be gone back to nineteenth century with Charles Frederick Worth to run up mark into the articles of clothing, and simply vesture made after 1858 could be considered as way design1. During that authentic period, most way inside decorators are independent in a family-based vesture store and gracefully configuration administration to single customer, which are fairly unique in relation to today ‘s specialty shops or high-style segment shops. During the entire twentieth century, way configuration had a little bit at a time been grown reliably and has gotten an of import industry in the public arena. It is thus utile for examining the way history of twentieth as an attendant for the new century ‘s advancement. This exposition will get explicit decennary somewhere in the range of 1940 and 1950 as the exploration mark.Background data of twentieth century way designThe improvement of way structure in twentieth century has encount ered an alone strategy. The principal decennary of the century was a period to indict new part into the structure ( Baudot, 1999 ) . The outgrowth of new female coevals and strong inclination in humanistic orders had invigorated way configuration to join new components. The Europe propensity was as yet centered around class and elegance, while U.S inclination was created to normal way, gave a measure from the committed way of nineteenth century. Between1910-1919, there was an incredible adjustment in way configuration impact by Deco humanistic controls. The discernable character of Deco humanistic controls was the use of hetero and collapsed line. It acquired a boylike way the way configuration to follow a compactness way and include some eastern components. During following decennary, the way configuration added energetic way to the attire and proceed to keep up the youngster components in the structure. Chanel ‘s way made by blend of coat, skirt and dress privailed and exten ded until presents. Another element is the going to on sports clothes plan. There is other than way plan propensity in China with the change of customary cheong-sam. 1930-1939 was an of import decennary for the way structure. In response to the monetary emergency, the fix up skirts which spoke to economy showed up. At that point a long skirt lap won until the Second World War. The wrecked of war invigorated an inclination of nostalgic new Victorian way. Another of import piece of this decennary is the constitution of current way plan norms, joining the components of polish, excellence and gustatory sensation to stretch the comparing of clothes and fortunes. The accompanying decennary, other than the imprint time frame in the exploration, is 1940-1949. The luxurious way during the war cut was confined by statute and good codifications. Reasonableness had gotten a standard for way plan. The seek after of guide made the grown-up females attire be input progressively male components by the win of ground powers array and dresses. The war cut other than furnished America with the chance of building up its ain way structure on the other hand of entirely trusting on Europe.Purposes of the researchPresents, way inside decorators make their unique work to show their alone gustatory sensation and way. In any case, they other than produce plants to follow the bing way inclinations. They are employed by mass market producers to make clothes for work powers, grown-up females and children. The best inside decorator exchange names today are those exchange names with long history, for example, Chanel, Christian Dior and Louis Vuitton. It took them mature ages to set up and build up their places as way symbols. In regard to the recorded setting, 1900-1950 is an extremely of import insurgency in way history, businesses began progressively originative on the plan of their clothes. Style structure partnerships need to deliver their ain exchange name with high caliber and notoriety to last and strive in the promising business sector. To indicate and comprehend what establishes way plan and how way configuration has risen in today ‘s cut as topographic point the way structure in certain basic clasp periods is of import way to comprehend way industry. The reason for this exploration is to introduce way structure in the decennaries of 1940-1950 to investigate the connection between way plan and a progression of components, for example, humanistic controls, wellbeing and A ; stunner, logical order and A ; building, thus on.Fashion Design and Its Related FactorsHumanistic disciplinesBefore twentieth century, way configuration is just a latent consideration of humanistic orders. When came to twentieth century, especially the decennary somewhere in the range of 1940 and 1950, way inside decorators were willing to helpful with humanistic orders. They consolidated their structure with major humanistic orders sort. Schiaparell ‘s work area array and laniate attire are portrayal of super-authenticity ( Buxhaum, 1999 ) . During this period, the well known music inclination was bop and enormous set. In the move nation, swing, swing and fox-jog was in the warming spot. All the propensities in humanistic orders have impacted way structure profoundly. This new contemplations brought way showcase into another coevals. At this clasp, try were typically activity by inside decorators them or family unit concern.Politicss and current eventsThe most persuasive occasion during this period is the Second World War. War as an of import factor to adjust the historical backdrop of individual, each piece great as the improvement of way plan. During the decennary after the Second World War, way configuration had an extraordinary transmutation. Ladies ‘s way of the start of the decennary was manly, and by the terminal of the decade2 it changed to profoundly female. During the war cut, the way plan way was changed from style, committed to compactness , while it was stressed on ladylike again after the war. Besides, the seek after of functional guide during the war cut empowered the way inside decorator to include increasingly male components in planing female clothes, some even utilized male mode into grown-up females structure ( Marsha, 1993 ) . The carefully restriction on dressing was other than done in a few states, for representation, there was a point framework in Britain to reduce the dressing way of grown-up females, set out a progression of guidelines to take grown-up females ‘s dressing way ( Janet, 1977 ) . Such an impediment non simply set on female dressing, however adjacent to guided male ‘s way of dressing. Male ‘s unvarying way was most influenced bit, for example, open help enterprise suit of Britain and triumph suit of America ( Boucher, 1987 ) . The entire decennary was commanded by the wartime down to earth map and the after-war female manner.Health and A ; athleticsAfter 1945 a progression of radical adjustments took topographic point in athleticss dress. To start with, slipover gowns, clothing and exercise center tops regularly utilized new extent of man-made filaments which fit in the early yearss of creation to weaved fabrics. During the 1950ss, some previous advancements and new utilization of man-made strands exceptionally nylon joined with reasonable procedures created in military vesture were brought into regular citizen creation. For representation, goons that were hidden in cervix accessories ; pockets in coat foreparts which were intended to hive away nibble supplements ; baseball gloves with nothing pockets for ski base on ballss ; flexible additions in the sides of ski bloomerss and stirrup ties underneath made for pull on, draw off array. These qualities are normal by us consequently today. In add-on, nylon running trunkss and cotton vests3 were embraced by muscle heads. Hurdle up parkas and parkas were taken onto the games and athleticss field, however g asp undersides as often as possible had all the earmarks of being lopsided, they assisted with keeping up off the frostiness. Stretch pieces of clothing turned out to be fairly famous by the mid 1960ss ; and one alluring favorable position was the solace factor of having the option to go with a garment.Hair and A ; beautyIn this decennary the most well known hair habits is interlaces twisted and moved longer. The film stars of that clasp, for example, Veronica Lake and Lauren Bacall gave the best introduction of the long twisting habits. In spite of the fact that seting your hair up into smaller rich up-dos was the standard way for nuptialss and proms, such an events got rarer and rarer. World War II generally impacted the excellence business in this decennary. The way, beautifying agents utilized and excellence measures were influenced by the temper of miserable and sadness. As Ingrid Bergman appeared in the 1942 film Casablanca, a run of the mill excellence way should try to show genuine, glamourous in a truly stifled, refined way4. A healthy articulation was considerably more adequate than conspicuous. The temper for excess and flashiness was considered as lacking, both in light of the fact that the impacts of the Depression despite everything were act uponing individuals ‘s life, and in light of the fact that a bunch of American juvenile work powers were coordinating to European battlegrounds to fight and decease.CelebrityThe way symbol in this period was Rita Hayworth. The Great American Love Goddess was conceived in Brooklyn, New York. She spoke to the most in vogue way of 1940s in the movies of â€Å" The Strawberry Blonde â€

Heat Exchanger and Design of Thermal Systems Heat Exchanger Design

Question: Examine about the Report for Heat Exchanger and Design of Thermal Systems of Heat Exchanger Design. Answer: Presentation The report is about the structure of a condenser for 100 cubic meter cool room at 3 Degrees Celsius and R134a. A condenser is a sort of warmth exchanger wherein fumes are changed into fluid state by expelling the inactive warmth with the guide of a coolant like water. There are two primary sorts of condensers to be specific the sort where the coolant and gathering fume come into direct contact and the sort where the coolant and condensate stream are separated by a strong surface, explicitly a cylinder divider. Issue Statement The is have to achieve an appropriate structure of a condenser as a type of warmth trade with a fliud that streamlines the warmth produced and gives the best outcome. The method of reasoning for picking the R134a rotates around its different points of interest over other potential choices. Such favorable circumstances incorporate the possibility that it utilizes low cost of the liquid (Caputo, Pelagagge, Salini, 2008). What's more, R134a utilizes the innovation that is as of now for the most part contemplated and dug in, and with confirmed equations for buildup tests (Tarrad Altameemi, 2015). Further, the R134a condenser is proficient on the grounds that it uses the financial turbines for the extension that is as of now accessible in the market. In addition, the liquid utilized by the R134a condenser doesn't have the highest productivity measures, both for the warmth trade and the age of vitality (Laskowski, 2012). Working conditions and parameters dependent on most noticeably awful situation Structure of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers A few techniques can be utilized in this plan, for example, I. Kern strategy This strategy doesn't provide food for the detour and spillage streams It is easy to apply and exact enough for fundamental structure calculations It is normally confined to a fixed confuse cut of around 25 percent ii. Chime Delaware technique This is the most broadly utilized technique that thinks about the spillage through the openings among cylinders and confuses and the bewilders and shell and bypassing of stream of the liquid around the hole between tube group and the shell. iii. Stream Analysis technique This is an increasingly thorough and conventional strategy that is proper for PC estimations and structures the reason for the greater part of the business PC codes. Development Details I. The Tube Dimensions The Tube widths in the range 16 mm and 50 mm Littler widths of up to 2.54 cm are favored since this creates a minimized and reasonable warmth exchanger The bigger cylinders are utilized for the most part for intensely fouling liquids The reasonable steel tubes are BS 3606 albeit different cylinders can be utilized, for example, the BS 3274 The Preferred cylinder lengths go between 6 ft and 24 ft The ideal cylinder length to shell distance across proportion is around somewhere in the range of 5 and 10 An expected estimation of 19 mm is the appropriate cylinder width for the most noticeably terrible situation cases ii. The Tube Arrangements The cylinders typically organized in symmetrical triangular, turned square examples or square The Tube pitch, Pt, is registered as OD duplicated by 1.25 iii. The Shells The Shell will be put at a nearby fit to the cylinder pack to limit bypassing The Shell-pack leeway will be founded on the kind of warmth exchanger (R134a) iv. Shell-Bundle Clearance The picked Bundle distance across relies upon number of cylinders as well as the quantity of cylinder passes Different parameters for the structure incorporate Nt = the quantity of cylinders Db = the pack measurement D0 = tube outside distance across Additionally, n1 and K1 are constants v. The Baffles The single segmental confound will be utilized with the end goal of Coordinating the liquid stream over the cylinders (Bhatnagar Bartaria, 2012) Expanding the liquid speed Improving the pace of move The ideal confound cut for the structure is 45% Writing Review All climate control systems have four crucial constituents and these incorporate a development valve, a siphon, an evaporator, and a condenser. Moreover, they work utilizing a working liquid as a prinary medium and another restricting liquid medium. It infers that two forced air systems may appear to be totally changed in setup, size, shape however they would work in basically likewise (Bhatnagar Bartaria, 2012). This is because of the expansive scope of uses and vitality sources existing. Most climate control systems acquire their capacity from a mix of an electrically-determined engine and siphon to course or siphon the refrigerant liquid. Various normal chillers that are gas-driven couple the siphon with a gas motor to deliver extensively extra torque. It is likewise worth referencing that as the refrigerant or working liquid circles through theair molding systemat fundamentally evelated pressure through the siphon, it planes into an evaporator whereby it changes to accomplish a vaporous state. All the while, the working liquid removes heat from the contradicting liquid medium and works similarly as the warmth exchanger (Bell, 2004). The working refrigenrant subdesuently goes into to the condenser, where it discharges warmth to the encompassing by gathering once again into a fluid state (Laskowski Lewandowski, 2015). The working liquid achieves its previous low weight state subsequent to going through a development valve. At the point when the cooling medium that can be a liquid or air passes near the evaporator, considerable amount of warmth is attracted to the evaporator. Therefore, the procedure productively cools the contradicting medium consequently helping in the confined cooling inside the structure (Capata Zangrillo, 2014). The times past forced air systems utilized freon as their working refrigenrant, yet because of the destructive impacts freon stances to nature, it is not, at this point broadly utilized. The contemporary structures have met harsh difficulties to build up the proficiency of a unit, while using an unacceptable substitute for the freon as a refrigerant (Walawade, Barve, Kulkarni, 2012). Configuration Drawing The drawing of the structure of the condenser is as demonstrated as follows. The pieces of the structure are as demonstrated as follows The geometry of the confuse is as appeared in the drawing underneath Materials List Part Use Plastic used to decrease weight and cost Copper or aluminum tubing gives better-quality warm properties and a positive effect on the effectiveness of the framework Paint or powder covering to ensure sheet metal Water as a working liquid Is the liquid that courses through the cooling arrangement References Ringer, K. (2004). Warmth Exchanger Design for the Process Industries.J. Warmth Transfer,126(6), 877. https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1833366 Bhatnagar, P., Bartaria, V. N. (2012). Numerical Analysis of a Surface Condenser Design.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development ISSN 2278 0211,1(5), 223-231. Bhatnagar, P., Bartaria, V. N. (2012). Surface Condenser Design-A Review. Universal Journal of Innovative Research and Development ISSN 22780211,1(5), 438-449. Capata, R. Zangrillo, E. (2014). Primer Design of Compact Condenser in an Organic Rankine Cycle System for the Low Grade Waste Heat Recovery.Energies,7(12), 8008-8035. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en7128008 Caputo, A., Pelagagge, P., Salini, P. (2008). Warmth exchanger configuration dependent on financial optimisation.Applied Thermal Engineering,28(10), 1151-1159. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.08.010 Laskowski, R. M. (2012). A numerical model of a steam condenser in off-structure activity. J.Power Technol,92(2), 101-108. Laskowski, R., Lewandowski, J. (2015). Rearranged connection for steam condenser adequacy under off-plan conditions as an element of bay parameters.Journal of Power Technologies. Tarrad, H., Ali Farhan Altameemi, A. (2015). Exploratory and Numerical Model for Thermal Design of Air Cooled Condenser.Global Journal of Research In Engineering,15(3). Walawade, S. C., Barve, B. R., Kulkarni, P. R. (2012). Plan and Development of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic Refrigerator.IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 28-32.

Basic Sccounting Principles

Question: Talk about the Basic Sccounting Principles. Answer: The four standards of monetary bookkeeping are as follow : 1.Relevance:The bookkeeping standard expresses that to be applicable the fiscal summaries must be arranged opportune. The qualities of significant fiscal reports are that they should be reasonable, opportune, helpful and required for deciding. 2.Comparability: One of the fundamental reasons for budget summary is that the announcement of one monetary year must be practically identical to one more year, with the goal that the organization can assess the adjustment in execution throughout the years. Along these lines, this is conceivable just when reliable bookkeeping standards are utilized to set up the announcements throughout the years. 3.Materiality: Size and significance are the primary measures of materiality idea. A little frivolous money cost might be irrelevant to a major organization and they probably won't record it however for an organization which has a little turnover, this cost might be critical and material to the organization. 4.Conservatism: Conservatism guideline expresses that misfortunes and costs to be recorded when they are accumulated yet the benefits and advantages for be recorded just when they are figured it out. The fundamental point of the standard is to show lower benefits in a critical position sheet in light of the fact that the incomes and resources might be deferred. It is imperative to track stock, to discover amount of products close by for viable working of an organization. Two such techniques are utilized to keep the track know as occasional strategy and never-ending stock framework. The primary contrasts between them are: 1.In the unending stock framework the exchange of stock development are recorded as and when it happens where as in intermittent stock framework, the development of inventories are recorded at occasional interims. 2.In unending stock framework the action of the business isn't influenced where as in intermittent stock framework the activity of the business should be halted at the hour of valuation. 3.In intermittent strategy a different buy account is utilized to record the buys where as in never-ending technique a typical stock record is kept up to record the buys and deals. 4.Though interminable stock framework is unmistakably progressively effective, solid and preciseas contrasted with intermittent stock framework yet it is likewise more costly than the last technique. 5.Book records are the premise of interminable stock framework where as physical confirmation is the premise of intermittent stock framework. 6.Real time data of the stock just as the expense of deals is given by the never-ending stock framework where as data about stock and cost of merchandise sold are given by the intermittent stock framework. 7.Businesses which are little and have high deals recurrence then intermittent arrangement of stock can be costly where as organizations of nature where deals volume is low then simple following of stock should be possible according to occasional strategy. Four significant clients of budgetary bookkeeping are as per the following: Proprietors and financial specialists: The proprietors and speculators are one of the most significant clients. The proprietors need to contemplate, dissect and analyze the budget reports of various years to settle on future choices and to see whether the organization is going progressing nicely or not. Speculators consistently examine a companys budgetary records before putting away their cash as they need the affirmation that they will get a reasonable return in eventual fate of what they are contributing today. They essentially study the hazard and return relationship of an organization and to constrain whether the organization will have the option to deliver profits to them. Moneylenders and Creditors: An organization raises account from banks and monetary establishments to run its activities. They study the budgetary records to know the liquidity of the organizations to see whether the firm will have the option to reimburse the advance and enthusiasm due at the hour of development. Lenders are commonly the providers which offer the merchandise to their clients using a loan standing. They have to know the transient liquidity, incomes and different parts of an association to see whether they will be reimbursed or not. They set the terms of credit dependent on the clients past execution and their money related status. Workers: The better an organization plays out; the better it is for the representatives. Workers are immediate recipients of a companys execution. They have to know the future possibilities of their work in the present organization and furthermore security of their annuity and retirement reserves. They attempt to evaluate whether an organization will grow, combine or whatever other significant advance which would legitimately influence their employer stability. Government: An organization is required to adhere to numerous guidelines and guidelines to act in an ideal way. The duty specialists are intrigued to realize the assessment sum due and whether they have been paying the adequate sum or not. They likewise utilize the money related records to get a skill of the exhibition of the economy and to settle on required monetary and mechanical choices. These days government likewise stays with a check whether an is following the necessary corporate social obligation or not as it is accepted that since they are utilizing the societys assets, they ought to likewise move in the direction of it. After my graduation I might want to seek after MBA in Finance. Huge four alludes to the biggest bookkeeping firms on the planet. They are Pricewaterhouse Coopers(PwC), Delloitte, Ernst Young(EY), Klynveld Peat Warwick Goerdeler(KPMG). They give reviewing and bookkeeping administrations everywhere throughout the world. They are likewise the ensured open accounting(CPA) firms and accordingly the traded on an open market U.S. organizations complete their inspecting by these organizations. The size of the Big 5 Company is a lot littler as contrast with the size of each Big Four organizations. These organizations likewise give charge prompts and other administration and confirmation administrations. The fundamental elements of these Big four organizations are: Counseling: They for the most part educate the organizations on the usage with respect to their bookkeeping procedure and framework. Presently they center around increasingly key zones like mergers, securing and their business methodology. Review: Auditing is the center territory where these Big4 organizations work. Their autonomous group of bookkeepers audit the budgetary data to check whether there is reasonable introduction of data or not. After the culmination of their work, they create a sentiment corresponding to the budget reports. Expense: Big4 organizations help their customer base to set up their money related data so that they should bear the base assessment costs. In U.S the duty system are awkward and furthermore there are overwhelming punishments for rebelliousness of guidelines. In this way, these organizations likewise help them in documenting their profits. Exchanges: by exchanges we mean exercises like mergers, acquisitions, side projects and so on. Big4 organizations help in different exercises before such exchanges and furthermore to encourage such exchanges. Like they audit the firm which is to be gained or converged with, they fabricate a valuation model and different exercises. References Essential bookkeeping standards, saw 19 January 2017, https://www.accountingtools.com/fundamental bookkeeping standards Equivalence/consistency, saw 19 January 2017, https://bookkeeping simplified.com/budgetary bookkeeping/bookkeeping ideas and-standards/comparability.html Jan, I, Perpetual versus intermittent stock framework, saw 19January 2017, https://accountingexplained.com/budgetary/inventories/ceaseless versus occasional framework Ingram, D, Difference among unending and occasional stock framework, saw 19 January 2017, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/contrast between-ceaseless intermittent stock framework 3224.html Who are the big4?, saw 19 January 2017, https://www.big4guide.net/who-are-the-enormous 4/ Kolakowski, M 2016, Big four open bookkeeping firms, saw 19 January 2017, https://www.thebalance.com/enormous four-open bookkeeping firms-1287328

MBA Admissions Podcasts Stanford, Haas, and MBA Essays

Over the last month several excellent podcasts have been produced on MBA admissions: From MBA Podcaster: Your Application Essays: Strategic Recommendations for Writing Your Essays. I admit that I am interviewed extensively for this podcast, along with Thomas Caleel, Director of Admissions at Wharton, and Graham Richmond of Clear Admit. With little objectivity and less humility, I must say that we provide excellent advice on approaching your application essays. I am only embarrassed that it took me this long to recommend it. Dean Joss Prof. Saloner, Stanford Graduate School of Business, are interviewed in this podcast from the iinovate blog. While it is kind of cool to hear what Drs. Joss and Saloner say is most important to them and why, the true value in this podcast lies in the discussion of Stanfords new curriculum and of the qualities and ideas Stanford values. Critical information for Stanford applicants. Leading Through Innovation by Dr. Richard K. Lyons, Executive Associate Dean at the Haas School of Business. Probably the most over used term in MBA admissions literature is leadership. Among the top 5 is innovation. These are classic umbrella words, as Maxx Duffy calls them (See MBA BlastOff: 45 Terrific Tips to Launch Your MBA Application to Acceptance for more details) in MBA admissions circles. Broad terms, abused and tired, that have many meanings to different people. Dean Lyons breaks them down into their component parts at Berkeley. The first podcast serves as an excellent introduction or review of MBA essay writing principles. The second and third podcasts clarify values and concepts that are important to Stanford and Berkeley respectively. If you are applying to those two schools you really must listen to these podcasts. They will show you the qualities and values these schools hold dear and allow you to demonstrate those attributes through your essays. Please note that I didnt write mimic the words spoken in the podcasts; I wrote demonstrate the qualities. Thats the key to showing fit at the schools of your choice.

Chapter 5 Questions For Thought - 1557 Words

Chapter 5 Questions for Thought 1. Explain the reasoning behind the wintertime expression, â€Å"Clear moon, frost soon†? On clear, calm nights, objects and the earth surface cools off by emitting infrared radiation. This cooling effect is more rapid on clear night than cloudy nights since there is no clouds to emit back to the surface. Hence the phrase â€Å"clear moon, frost soon†. The cool surface is then mixed with air above it, which will eventually cool to the dew point and water vapor will appear on the cooled surfaces. If the temperature continues to fall in the freezing range then the dew will freeze and frost will form. 2. Explain why icebergs are frequently surrounded by fog? Fog surround icebergs due to advection fog. This type†¦show more content†¦If the fog is too thick then the sunlight is blocked and the fog may not dissipate. This is common during the day in the central valley of California, where a strong inversion also slows the dissipation by keeping the warm air above the fog. At night, radiation cooling take effect to cool the air temperature and fog forms again. This process can last for days and even weeks. Pg120 10. Near the shore of an extremely large lake, explain why steam fog is more likely to form during the autumn and advection fog in early spring? During autumn in the northern hemisphere it is safe to say the air is likely to be cold while large body of water such as lake are slow to emit their heat away. When the cold air moves over the warmer water steam fog is produced. In early spring, if there is significantly cooler difference between the cold surface and the air above the cold surface then the warm air is chilled and advection fog is created. Pg120-122 11. The air temperature during the night cools to the dew point in a deep layer, producing fog. Before the fog formed, the air temperature cooled each hour about 2 C. After the fog, the air temperature cooled by only 0.5 C each hour. Give two reasons why the air cooled more slowly after the fog formed? During the night the air is cooled more slowly because the fog traps the infrared energy that is emitted from the earth and secondly, latent heat is released as fog is formed.pg 124 12. OnShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Some Interesting Details Of The Reading?797 Words   |  4 PagesSLS1501 Learning Summary Chapter 5 1. What were some interesting details of the reading? Successfully intelligent thinking is balanced by three important elements, which are analytical thinking, creative thinking and practical thinking. Intelligent thinking is the process of asking and answering questions. When we apply all the three elements into the process, we think intelligently. Every time we think, we think with a purpose, which means, we have to know why we ask questions. 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The School of Thought Known as Behaviorism - 2342 Words

Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlovs research on the digestive systems of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an†¦show more content†¦Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlovs research on the digestive systems of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between and environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlovs research on the digestive systems of dogs ledShow MoreRelatedPsychology Is The Science Of Natural Science1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness -John B. Watson There are five main approaches to psychology known as â€Å"schools of thought† that make assumptions about the nature of mankind. One of those five, the behavioral school of thought, refers to the relationship between a person’s behavior and the environment surrounding them. Behaviorism, one of these five schools was created by John B. Watson around 1913. According to Watson, psychology should be considered as the science of observableRead MorePerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorists and cognitive psychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists looked for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas about the mind. An idea th at was highlyRead MorePananaliksik Sa Filipino797 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology[-0] is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sumRead More Foundations of Psychology Essay813 Words   |  4 Pageshuman behavior began. In this essay we will present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Fifth Edition of Psychology, psychology is define as â€Å"the scientific investigation of mental processes such as; thinking, remembering, feeling, and behavior. Understanding a person requires attention toRead MoreSchool of Thoughts in Psychology1604 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Schools of Thought in  Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledgeRead MoreThe Philosophers Who Contrubuted to the Development of Behaviorism891 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism has its roots as far back as the ancient Greeks. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE), known as the father of medicine, developed humorism consisting of four humors that corresponded with four temperaments. Physicians and philosophers used this model with its four temperaments for many long years. Socrates (469-339 BCE), Plato (427-347 BCE), and Aristotle (385-322 BCE) are often spoken of together due to the unique relationship they shared. Aristotle was the student of Plato, who was intern theRead MoreSnapshot1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1890s until his death in 1939, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freuds understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection and clinical observations, and was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and psychopathology. Freuds theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general aspectsRead MoreAnalysis Of Body And Mind Essay835 Words   |  4 Pageswhat human mental states are and how they relate to our physical bodies: 1) Mind-Body Dualism asserts that the mind is nonphysical with private states while the body is physical with public states; 2) Behaviorism tries to resolve the problem by observing human behavior and relating that to mental thoughts and states; 3) Mind-Brain Identity asserts that the mind is the brain and that mental states are neurological; 4) Functionalism describes mental states in terms of their function and how they relateRead MoreThe Impact Of Applied And Behaviorist Psychology On The Field Of Psychology1327 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems in the history of modern psychology. In addition, one of the most important methods that psychologists used to study the term introspective is consciousness. On What Did Angell Base His Opinion? James Rowland Angell (1869-1949) was a well-known American psychologist and pioneer in the development of psychology. He was also a leader in higher education and was most driven by his role as a professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Chicago. In addition, he was recognized asRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Behaviorism application to early childhood, the behavioral approach and consistent misunderstanding and devaluation exists among many professional in the early childhood field. In this paper, it will discuss the important figures in developing behaviorism, the principal elements of the theory and relevant periods of development through adolescence. In addition, it will identify and describe the critical features of the behavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and the

Covert Advertising free essay sample

The clutter in the product racket and media has made the task challenging for marketers to reach their consumers. Thus both the Media and Advertisers search for innovative advertising techniques led to Covert Advertising. Covert Advertising is a medium through which branded products are placed in movies, which is visible to consumers without any distraction. Leveraging on the entertainment value, emotional quotient of the film and its psychological impact on viewers has led the advertisers to utilize this medium.The phenomenon is gaining momentum due to its clutter free feature and advantages of celebrity endorsement for the product or brand in a movie. This advertising technique brings in an additional source of income for film producers, advertisers, corporate and it has proved to be a technique to strengthen their brand. A few firms get product placement at no cost by supplying their product to the movie company (Nikkei does not pay to be in movies but often supplies shoes, jackets, bags, etc). Scripts are tailor made for the desired brand so that when they are incorporated they look natural. Let is done through special mention in the programs, placement of logo or may be a shot of that particular brand. Movies have been used as the most popular platform for product placement. Showman Subhead Shags Headline showcased brands like Pass-pass and coca-cola. But recall the Irish Kapok starter Kara by the filmmaker, which had an entire song sequence with the Miami banner at the backdrop. Similarly time and again we have witnessed so many brands like ICC, Yamaha, Pepsi, Lays in movies Awakening, Bagman, Doom, Sushi and Skirmish respectively. Product placement, as the numbers suggests is bringing revolutionary change in entertainment economics. Objectives of the study The following are the objectives Of this research study : ; To study the present scenario of covert advertising in the world. To study the future prospects of covert advertising and their scope for the multimedia. ; To study the techniques used by the film makers, directors and companies. To measure the success of advertising campaign of brands in Terms of consumer appreciation. ; To study the determinants of specification factors which can decide the success of both the companies and movies. COVERT ADVERTISING Covert Advertising is the inclusion of a product, brand name or the name of the firm in a movie for increasing memorabilia of the brand and instant recognition at the point of purchase. It is an advertising technique in which he companies pay a fee or provide service in exchange for a prominent display of their product.For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruisers character John Anderson owns a phone with the Monika logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgaria logo. Some Latest Indian Examples: Swedes, for instance, shows the hero holding a Fed packet while traveling in a train in India. Waste mentioned brands such as Archive, In another movie Hungary had Evidence, Coca-Cola in the film Teal, Catbird in Parietal, etc.Marti Swift made its Indian debut with the release of the film Bunny aura Bali. Rumor has it that Marti had delayed the l aunch of this new model to time it with the release of the film. SIR using Santos cars in a ROUND and Chalet Chalet. Hollywood example of advertising in film is in l, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them classics, because the film is set far in the future. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used.Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, VIII and BMW. Gaston Martin cars are featured in recentness Bond films, most notably Casino Royals. Habeas in Doom, John Abraham uses Habeas in the movie as a thief, from that time only many of Indians came to know about that bike. MISSION IMPOSSIBLE Lampooning Dominos Pizza in Pair Hear Peen Dominos is known as much for the quality of its pizzas, as for its promise of delivery within 30 minutes or free. Parses Arial-?who is also the Dominos brand ambassador-?was seen in the movie happily munching on a Dominos pizza.On being asked how he could afford a pizza even though he was broke, e informed that after ordering the pizza he hid himself till 30 minutes passed. Thus he got the pizza free even though the delivery boy had arrived well in time. The execution of this scene not only communicated the Dominos value proposition but also created a light moment in the film with the seamless integration of branding and entertainment. Bagman for ICC Bank, Amanita Backchat is shown as a trustworthy, reliable and focused ICC bank employee who is dedicated to his customers. ICC is visible for around 8-10 minutes in the film.Consumer electronics and computers The 2006 film Casino Royals features many Sony product placements wrought, all characters use VIII laptops, Sony Ericson cell phones and Gaps, BRAVE televisions, and Bond uses a Cyber-shot to take photos. Apples products frequently appear in films and on television. In video games, products that most often appear are placements for processors or graphics cards. For example in EASE Battlefield 2142, ads for Intel Core 2 processors appear on map billboards. In the video game F. E. A. R all of the laptops have a Dell screener on them. Tourism New Zealand as a destination was positioned well in the movie Kayo An Pray Ha. In fact such was the impact it became a popular holiday destination after hat. Previously it was not widely spoken of or considered as potential location among the film makers or tourists from India. Now it is being considered by students for higher studies and also by low skilled job seekers. The place is now being looked at by new perspective among Indians. Advantages of Covert Advertising ; The message has a wide reach and a long life with declining cost per exposure ; It is cheaper than overt advertising or sponsorship. Fifth programmer or film is a success advertising gets a wider audience. ; The product becomes linked to the film or programmer and the Ideology/ epistyle inherent in that text. This attracts people to buy into the image through the product. ;Has an immediate effect but it can be short term Sponsorship of television programmed. Failure in Covert Advertising Ta Ra Rum Pump : After you see drivers and cars layered by brands of their sponsors, Ta Ra Rum pump a film on racing cars would seem like the perfect avenue to showcase such similar branding.After all seeing these brands is what weve come to expect, but corporate honchos didnt seem happy just with being there. So they mustve insisted on special close-ups and zooms for their brands. As a result we get a good dose of Castro, Goodyear and Chevrolet periodically. Headline : Covert Advertising in Video games Today, advertisers are much more interested in the $24 billion video game industry. Spending on in-game product placement was estimated at $300 million this year, with projections of $1 billion in spending by 2010. Nielsen ratings in 2003 showed a 7% decline in television viewing among 18 to 34 year-old males.This decline was directly attributed to the growing popularity of video games. 66% of males 18-34 own at least one game console, as do 80% of males ages 12-17. In 2006, 62. Million game consoles were sold. Currently, there are over 148 million gamers. As gamers age, become parents and continue to play games, older demographics become more highly represented while increasing the overall reach of the video game medium. PEPSI : CARS : CASTRO : And so on.. . Connection between Brands and Films There is a evidence of shortened attention spans and a greater efforts to break through the clutter of multitudinous brands and media vehicles.The best way to deliver the message is to catch the customer off-guard when the rational defenses are down. The best to do so is to use the emotional gate ether than the rational gate. The rational gate examines the advantages, benefits, features and seeks value for money; the emotional gate is all about trust, love, identification and belief. These aspects have been leveraged by all kinds of brands wherein movies and brands flash identical messages at their target audiences. There is a need to examine synergies between the brands and films. The successful integration Of product placement within the films storyline has a long history the first example being the yellow Ration bike used in Raja Spoors Bobby and Subhead Shags Hero and Kara. Hollywood also leveraged brands such as BMW(Bond movies), Jaguar, Ford, McDonald in Eddie Murphy (Coming to America), Ray Ban (Tom Cruise in Risky Business and Mission Impossible), Cataracts coffee, AOL, AT T and lots in advertising world arena. Artistic integrity is crucial for successful brand successful brand placements and the operation has to be woven into the script.There is no fixed formula but the factors that are taken into consideration during the negotiation stage include: cast and credits; size of the projects and the producers; timing of the release; brand impact; number of screen during lease and post release phase; and the possibilities of brand associations through contests and promotions. Depending on the content of the film and its story line, the agency can sketch a profile of viewers who could appeal to the targeted viewers. This is followed by a 360 degree marketing plan for cross promotions during the various stage of a films release.Six elements of strategy for in-film branding and communication ; The brand should be integrated in the script of the film, whether part of the entire theme or a particular situation. ; It should be in a selective and discuss manner and there should not be an overdose of the brand and its communication; ; Under no circumstance should the relevance of the brand be compromised. ; While dividing the choice of film for finalizing in-film branding, one should check the track record of the film producer and the director as well as the story line. One should try to be sensitive to the feelings and attitudes of floggers and viewers. ; Ensure that absolutely nothing is done to reduce the credibility of the brand under the pretext of creativity or entertainment. Covert Advertising is different from Celebrity Endorsement The celebrities endorse products and brands with commercial reasons, which normally comes in the breaks in television programmed or cinema halls. The phenomenon of zipping and change in television usage behavior due to surfing during the commercial breaks has reduced effectiveness of television commercials.Similarly commercials of cinema halls are found to be of low involvement as audience takes them as blocks between the reasons of visiting the cinema hall and the time available to them entertainment. So the brand communication and the entertainment product are viewed differently from audience of both media. Brand placements provides an opportunity where the involved audience gets exposure to the brands and products during the natural process of narration of movie or television commercial.PRODUCT PLACEMENT : A TECHNIQUE OF COVERT ADVERTISING A product placement is the inclusion of a product, brand name or the name of the firm in a movie for increasing memorabilia of the brand and instant display of their product. Product placement appears in plays, film, television series, music videos, video games and books. Product placement occurs with the inclusion Of a brands logo in shot, or a favorable mention or appearance of a product in shot. This is done without disclosure, and under the premise that it is a natural part of the work. Most major movie releases today contain product placements. The most common form is movie and television placements and more recently computer and video games. There are three ways product placement can occur : ; The placement simply happens This placement occurs without any type of formal contractual agreement to place a particular product or brand. The likely scenario in this instance involves some member of the cast or crew selecting a product to use in a scene because it will enhance the scene though the product itself may not be en or presented in a favorable light. ; The placement is arranged and some of the product serves as compensation.This type of placement a particular product is shown in the Movie/ Serial and no extra amount is paid for that. The product itself serves as compensation. ; The placement is arranged and there is financial compensation. In this type of product placement the company has to pay for the placement apart from the product. Types of Product Placement Corporate Advertising: TO improve company reputation. Ex Tag Hotels used for grand parties in movies, Leno used in game shows like CB. Product/ Service placement: To demonstrate the characteristics of a product/ service.Showing a particular Bank (like ICC in CB) or Dominos in Pair Hear Pier. Cross Advertising: To include facts, opinions or statements in a plot. Discussing a forthcoming movie like Such Too Ha in a television serial like Kinky AAAS Bi Kabuki Bah HTH is an Indirect promotion for the movie. Negative placement : To present a competitors product in a negative context. It is generally not intentional. For instance if a particular flight crashes in a particular plot in the movie, it is not intentional. Innovation placement: To introduce a new product. Ex Swift Car was introduced in the movie Bunny Aura Bali.CASE STUDY Fashion (2008) NO. Of prints 700 Budget 220 million cast Paranoia Copra, Kananga Arrant, Mugged Goods, Arabia Khan Director -? Madhya Bankcard Producer -? Ronnie Screwball Fashion has got an A certificate that limited his audience size, but director-producer Madhya Bankcard who made this RSI. 220 million movie, earned as much as RSI. 85 million (RSI. 8. 5 scores) from in-film advertisement alone. A co-production of Motion Pictures and Bankcard Entertainment, Fashion has six prestigious brand placements looting brands Kamala and Rebook, Leno laptop, Sunlit shampoo, Cellulose and LOG Electronics.The brands have been chosen carefully so they are relevant to the scenes where they will be displayed, without causing a jarring note. RESEARCH ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN Purpose of the study The research purpose indicates that this study is primarily descriptive. A descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation. The research draws some conclusions from the data collected which makes it descriptive. Extent of researcher interference The extent of researcher interference is minimal in this study.Respondents were made aware of the topic product placement. Oral examples like the brand Nixon which is displayed on Iranian Spoors camera in the movie Wake Up Side will be explained. The events were studied as they normally occur. Data collection method Questionnaire The questionnaire was primarily and some questions were framed by the researchers through brainstorming. A five point Liker-type scale was used, with strongly agree at point one; agree at point two; neither agree nor disagree at point three; disagree at point four; and strongly disagree at mint five.Another five point scale with points like always, mostly, sometimes, rarely and never was used. Certain direct questions were given only two options yes or no. Data analysis This data was entered into SPAS, and the required computations had been completed in SPAS itself. Descriptive statistics like mean, median and standard deviation. Also graphical representations like pie charts, bar graphs and histograms were used. Cross tabulation was executed. Study setting The research was carried out in a natural environment with minimal interference of the researcher which shows that it is a field study in a encountered setting.SAMPLE Our sample consists of 50 students, 25 male and 25 female. The motivation for this selection was that respondents were thought to be an appropriate sample since young adults (18 to 24 years of age) are avid film attendees. Respondents also possess the disposable income to attend films. Product placement in films is therefore an effective way to target young, affluent and well educated consumers. The data thus collected is primary in nature. It was entered into SPAS, and the required computations were completed in SPAS itself. ANALYSIS Age of Respondent Maximum respondents are of the age 21 .Do you notice products placed in a movie Most of the respondents notice the products placed in the movie Does product placement disrupt the flow of movie and irritate you? Most of the respondents feel that product placement rarely hinders the flow of the movie Do you know that product placement is a method of Advertising? Almost all respondents are aware of product placement as a method of advertising Other Findings Discuss with others after the movie It is inferred that 83. 3% females always discuss products after watching movies which is very high compared to 16. 7% males who rarely discuss the products. Influenced byThe respondents have ranked talk shows to be the most influencing medium. The next influential media are movies and music videos. Soaps and theatre plays are the least influential. Factors that influence your buying behavior The respondents give primary importance to the product and then the brand followed by the celebrity. Product brought after watching them in movies It is seen that females mostly have purchased FMC products whereas men have purchased electronic goods. CONCLUSION Advertising occupies a major place in Integrated Marketing Communication strategy of corporate It has evolved in sync with the changing media environment.They are constantly in search of innovative technique which has grabbed the attention in recent years is Covert Advertising. A conclusion drawn from the research was that products placed prominently in films were better recognized than those placements placed subtly within the context of the film. Another aspect closely considered in this research was the effect product placements have on the realism of the film. Why are covert advertising successful? Low cost per exposure. Catches the audience when its rational defenses are down. It can help target particular employees as movies are made keeping in mind different genres of people.

The Telephone System Essay Example For Students

The Telephone System Essay The Telephone SystemThe telephone is one of the most creative and prized inventions in theworld. It has advanced from its humble beginnings to its wireless communicationtechnology today and for the future. The inhabitants of the earth have longcommunicated over a distance, which has been done by shouting from one hilltopor tower to another. The word telephone originated from a combination of twoGreek words: tele, meaning far off, and phone, meaning voice or sound, andbecame the known term for far- speaking.A basic telephone usually contains a transmitter, that transfers thecallers voice, and a receiver, that amplifies sound from an incoming call. Inthe transmitter there are two common kinds of transmitters: the carbontransmitter, and the electret transmitter. The carbon transmitter uses carbongranules between metal plates called, electrodes, with one consisting of a thindiaphragm that moves by pressure from sound waves and transmits them to thecarbon granules. These electrodes conduc t electricity flowing through thecarbon. The sound waves hit the diaphragm causing the electrical resistance ofthe carbon to vary. The electret transmitter is composed of a thin disk ofmetal-coated plastic held above a thicker, hollow metal disk. This plastic diskis electrically charged, and creates an electric field. The sound waves fromthe callers voice cause the plastic disk to vibrate, changing the distancebetween the disks, thus changing the intensity of the electric field. Thesevariations are translated into an electric current which travels across thetelephone lines. The receiver of a telephone is composed of a flat ring ofmagnetic material. Underneath this magnetic ring is a coil of wire where theelectric current flows. Here, the current and magnetic field from the magnetcause a diaphragm between the two to vibrate, and replicate the sounds that aretransformed into electricity. We will write a custom essay on The Telephone System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The telephone is also composed of an alerter and a dial. The alerter,usually known as the ringer, alerts a person of a telephone call, created by aspecial frequency of electricity sent by the telephone number typed in. Thedial is the region on the phone where numbers are pushed or dialed. There aretwo types of dialing systems; the rotary dial, and the Touch-Tone. The rotarydial is a movable circular plate with the numbers one to nine, and zero. TheTouch-Tone system uses buttons that are pushed, instead of the rotary that sendpulses. The telephone was said to be invented by many people. However, thefirst to achieve this success, although by accident, was Alexander Graham Bell. He and his associate were planning to conduct an experiment, when Mr. Bell spiltacid on himself in another room, and his associate clearly heard the firsttelephone message: Mr. Watson, come here; I want you. Although AlexanderGraham Bell had invented the telephone, his case had to be defended in courtmore than 600 times for this to be proven. After the invention of the telephone, many other great technologicaladvances were made, which boosted the telephone into a worldwide affair. Thefirst great advance was the invention of automatic switching. Next, longdistance telephone calls were established in small steps. For example, fromcity to city, across a country, and across the ocean. Following this, underseacable and satellites, which made it possible to link points halfway around theearth sounding as if from next door. Finally, by adding three digit area codes,all phone calls, either to next door or around the world, could be done by thecaller. The first telephone company to establish a telephone industry was theBell Telephone Company, in 1877, by Alexander Graham Bell. This did last forsometime, however, independent telephone companies were started in many citiesand small towns. By 1908, many customers were being served by a new companycalled ATT, which eventually bought out the Bell Company. Since it was costlyto have the wires run to a household, many residential people often shared lines,which is called a party line. Although these lines were cheaper for thecustomers, it was a nuisance because only one person could use the phone at atime, and other households could listen in on the calls. Finally, the price oflocal calls was relatively low, however, long-distance calls were placedrelatively high when compared to the local telephone bill. .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .postImageUrl , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:hover , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:visited , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:active { border:0!important; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:active , .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94 .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u429264cd15689aad4f8989f28deffd94:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economic Policy in Downtown Development EssayToday, approximately 95% of the households across North America havetelephones, which is creating a huge opportunity for companies that providelocal and long-distance service. Although prices for calls are slowlydecreasing, the competition between companies is increasing. This can be seenfrom advertisements on television and in the newspaper. And not only is thiscompeting going to continue, it will increase as new technology is discovered. What is in store for the future? No one will now. However, some of thelatest futuristic ideas that will soon be upon us are; television screens soonaccompany the telephone, so that the caller can see who he or she is having aconversation with. Also, having all of the copper wire replaced with fiberoptics will greatly increase the telephones capabilities. This will give us theadvantage of sending very large pieces of information over the phone line. Theonly thing that we do know about the telephone, is that it sure has come a longway since its first discovery by the inventor Alexander Graham Bell. A man whowill always be remembered.

IKEA Foundations of Marketing Essays

IKEA Foundations of Marketing Essays IKEA Foundations of Marketing Paper IKEA Foundations of Marketing Paper Essay Topic: IKEA A companys marketing strategy and competitive strategy is important to make sure that your products are marketed correctly, not only for profit maximisation but also to create awareness of your brand name. An effective marketing or competitive strategy makes sure that you are always one step ahead of your competitors. You may be achieving maximum sales at the current moment but an effective strategy would look in to the long-term and plan for the future so that the success is not short lived. IKEA the Swedish furniture retailer has global brand recognition and enjoys great success all over the world as the low cost producer of stylish and functional furniture products. This report highlights IKEAs marketing strategy and how they place themselves against its competitors in order to gain market share and achieve overall success. IKEAs main aim is to be the low cost producer in the market it operates in and therefore has introduced innovative and cost efficient methods of manufacturing products. Components for products are bought from around the world and wastage of raw materials is seen as another invention to make another product. These cost conscious methods are employed at every stage in the production, manufacturing and distribution process so that the products that reach the customer are affordable for as many people as possible. Your partner in better living. We do are part, you do yours. Together we save money (IKEA 2005) is IKEAs market positioning statement. This means that in order to save money the customers are implemented in the IKEA process and thus they have to pick up the furniture and assemble it themselves. This differentiation strategy gives IKEA a competitive advantage and is a marketing tool that sets it apart from its competitors like Argos. IKEA growth strategy is to expand with opening more stores all around the world. However its main competitor Argos is also implementing a similar strategy within the UK market and has taken over IKEA.IKEA must therefore re-establish themselves through short term strategies like promotional offers. However they must try to focus on long term strategies like the IKEA store card which develops a long term relationship with its loyal customers. By focusing on the long term they reduce the risk of losing anymore market share. Overall IKEA is achieving great success with some short-term down falls but there strategies will try to overcome these short coming. However IKEA must focus on trying to provide low cost items of high quality while marketing IKEA as a shopping experience rather than just a furniture store as this differentiate itself from its competitors like Ilva a Danish furniture firm trying to expand in to the UK market. With profits totalling to 14.8 billion euros(IKEA 2005) IKEA can be classed as a global and local success in many countries. However they must become confident as they are target to local and international competition. To overcome this they can use the environmental friendly processes as a marketing tool to attract new customers. They can also try and find new innovative practices of producing and distributing goods in the most cost effective ways to ensure that they remain the producers of high quality and cheap products. Introduction IKEA, a Swedish furniture retailer is known for its cheap prices and high quality products. IKEA is a global success with over 200 stores in countries around the world with profits increasing rapidly (IKEA 2005) . IKEA has effectively implemented a marketing strategy and placed themselves in a position to overcome its competitors. Its marketing and competitive strategy of high quality products at cheaper prices which is embedded in the culture starts at the design process and continues through all manufacturing, production and distribution stages until it is received by the customers so that they can achieve their promise to produce products which are affordable for as many people as possible. The Company IKEA began in the early 1940s, when Ingvar Kamprad the founder of IKEA sold general household products which people demanded. Due to his success he opened up a showroom and began designing his own furniture range which led to innovation and low costs. The real success came when they realised they could flat pack the furniture so transporting goods to IKEA and for the customer would be easier. This differentiation was their marketing tool which made them a household name on global scale. IKEA a Swedish retailer offers a large range of stylishly designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices. This is the single idea at the heart of everything IKEA does, including the way they produce, buy products and the way they sell them in IKEA stores around the world. They produce high quality products at low prices and this is done by cost-efficient and innovative methods. Sales and Profit Trends This graph shows that between 1995 and 2001, IKEA had major success because there is an increase of 6.4 billion in profits. This might due to all the heavy promotion but also because of new stores opening around the world. The profits have increases from 2001 onwards it has not been a very substantial increases compared to 1995 and 2001 but it just shows that between a space of ten years IKEA has achieved great success. The Market Environment IKEA operates on a global level with 231 stores in 33 countries. The top five countries with the most sales are Germany 19%, USA 11%, UK 11%, France 9%, and Sweden 8 %. (IKEA 2005). This shows that IKEA products have an international appeal and are targeted at many markets. The main objective of IKEA is to produce low priced products of high quality. Its products are produced from resources from all around the world which gives them a competitive cost advantage. The large, yet simple retail stores on the outskirts towns makes them easily accessible for customers and distribution. Trying to achieve the lowest costs in production and distribution means that they have incorporated a cost-leadership strategy this has been embedded into the IKEAs culture through efficient processes. IKEA works on the idea pile them high, sell them cheap idea (Marcousà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ et al 1999 pp164). The profits may initially be low but with high turnover it makes a healthy profit. The reduction in price does not mean that the quality must be compromised. The Five Forces Model This model helps to contrast a competitive environment. As the diagram shows IKEA is working in a competitive environment with large and small furniture retailers trying to gain market share as barriers to entry are very weak. Customers are in a strong position as they have more bargaining power and negotiate for goods which meet customer needs. A wrong move could have a detrimental affect with your competitors moving ahead of you. Competitive Environment IKEAs strategic positioning is unique. Few furniture retailers have engaged in long-term planning or achieved economies of scale as European furniture retailers are smaller than IKEA. Even when companies have joined forces as buying groups, their operations have made it difficult for them to achieve the same degree of co-ordination as IKEA. IKEA offers limited customer assistance but creates opportunities for customers to choose transport and assemble units of furniture which differentiates them from its competitors. Porters Generic Strategies Model Porter identifies three competitive positioning strategies on which the firm can follow (Kotler et al, 2005 pp 504 213). Achieve overall low-cost leadership in the industry The emphasis on efficiency at all levels within the organisation is the central idea to a cost leadership strategy .Costs need to be monitored at all levels to ensure that they gain benefit form economies if scale. A low cost leadership strategy will only work if the products produced are cheaper compared to its competitors. Concentrate on products that are differentiated. A differentiation strategy requires the organisation to offer something which is unique and valued by the customers .The value added by differentiation results in the ability to charge a higher price. This is to cope with added costs of differentiation, leading to higher profit margins. The risk involved with this strategy is that the consumers may perceive the product as a value added the product IKEA supports a cost leadership strategy while adopting a differentiation strategy by adding the customers in the value chain. The customers are source of labour, knowledge and transportation. The customers are told what is required of them, for example customers have the responsibility of picking up the items from the warehouse. The suppliers are seen as customers gaining knowledge form IKEA specialists. This value added process makes sure that IKEA selects suppliers who provide high quality materials at low costs. IKEA effectively employs a cost leadership strategy while focusing on the needs of its target market segment. The Competition IKEA has faced competition from small local furniture retailers, large DIY chains and supermarkets. IKEA has been placed as the fourth on the most popular furniture list in the UK, behind MFI, Argos and DFS. Argos, has come broadened its appeal to a variety of customers through high quality furniture and enjoys a 5.1% market share compared to IKEAs 4.6 %( Business Scotsman 2004). IKEA is also faced with indirect competition with home make-over shows and magazines which indicates unsatisfied customers. Their new Kitchens campaign is another attempt to diversify and satisfy customer needs. Target Market The typical IKEA customer is young, low to middle income family and generally for first time home buyers. They also focus on the mature and childrens market through some of its products. The company targets the customer who is looking for value and are willing to do a little bit of work themselves by transporting the items home and assembling the furniture. PEST-G Analysis PEST-G is used to analyse the business and economic conditions an organisation faces and how it effects businesses decision making. The table shows how each factor affects Ikeas decisions and the way strategies are implemented. Each factor affects IKEA at varying levels Political factors * Legislation affects IKEA on issues such as product liability and product standard * The political scene is stable at the moment so short-term decisions are not affected as much as long term decisions as the political scene may change * New laws are likely to increases especially with more EU countries trading in the free market means regulations are put in place so that there is no unfair trade. * IKEA is also influenced by different political factors in the different countries it trades with. Economical factors * The interest rates are low but the rise in inflation may means that interest rates may increase and this will affect IKEA as they are planning to invest through opening up new stores this therefore means borrowing is going to much more expensive * IKEA locates on out skirts of towns and thus employment rates around the area must be taken in to account. Employment levels for different countries they are wishing to trade with must also be taken in to account. It is an unwise decision to build IKEA stores where unemployment levels are low as you will to need to offer higher wages to poach workers. * The exchange rate will also affect IKEA as they are importing or exporting goods with the international market. * The GDP level is an important factor as it will show prosperous and poor areas and therefore products will have to marketed according to peoples abilities Socio- Cultural factors * These factors will vary from country to country depending on the dominant religion, attitudes on foreign products, the population demographics and the roles of men and women * For example in the UK we have a multi-cultured society this will affect IKEA in the way the products are promoted, the people they recruit and products being offered must meet the needs of the different user. * The increase in lone parent families means that the IKEA shopping experience has to incorporate procedures which are child friendly, for example playrooms for childrens and products directly aimed at young children * The increase in the older generation has affected IKEA and this can be seen in the products they offer as new ranges of products are aimed directly at that target market. Technological factors * Technology is an important factor as more research and development is taking place. They need to find new and innovative ways of producing goods quickly and cheaply. IKEA is constantly faced with not in stock items, an effective just in time approach could resolve this problem * New technologies offer consumers and businesses more innovative products and services such as ordering, booking and buying products through the internet which IKEA could introduce to gain more consumers. * Distribution, transportation and communication, is easier and more effective with the introduction of new technologies like EDI (Electronic data interchange). Communication is more efficient within the departments in IKEA but also with the customers through for example emails, newsletters and multimedia messaging

Interview a parent on their child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interview a parent on their child - Essay Example He is therefore rated as an average student. He is good in sketching and drawing; does not like to attend social events or family reunions with extended family members; he rarely goes out except to school; and he is basically reported to possess good manners, though rarely takes the initiative to help in household chores. He is reported not to be easily angered, nor hot tempered; he rarely fights with his siblings, or with anyone else, for that matter. His mother disclosed that â€Å"as the youngest child, the only challenging event remembered of him was when he broke his left arm from a motorcycle accident – where he rode as a back rider, when his eldest brother took the motorcycle for a spin†. As he apparently learned from that incident, he never attempted to undertake risky activities or endeavors. Overall, the child is described to be secure and happy in his home environment. As stressed, â€Å"the most important function of parents is to give their children a happ y home — not because it will make them more likely to succeed but because everyone has a right to a happy home life† (Kingsbury, 2009, par. 8). Since the atmosphere is most congenial and happy at home, the child apparently prefers staying home than developing social interactions. Parent’s Responses to Child’s Characteristics and Management of Conflicts The parent, a 50 year old female, is physically, mentally, and emotionally stable to address to the child’s unique needs and characteristics. She reportedly graduated with a master’s degree in business and worked before as a manager of a regional bank. Having met several challenges and difficulties due to the health condition of her husband, who allegedly had diabetes with chronic renal problems, she had to resign from her job and find employment working as a freelance writer through online writing cites. One asked how being a single mother affects her ability to manage conflicts; to which she replied that knowing that she is alone, she had to apply effective parenting style that is deemed most effective to the personalities of her children. Doing so would enable them to address and manage the challenges and conflict well. When her son broke his left arm in the abovementioned motorcycle accident, she reported that both she and her husband immediately brought him to the hospital and had him x-rayed. The left arm had to be placed in a cast which allegedly lasted for three months. She noted that she had been a hands-on mother who addressed the different needs of her children; including academic guidance, financial support, emotional and physical assistance, as well as psychological and spiritual through frequent and regular open communication and observance of religious practice. As explicitly the parent stated: â€Å"I love all my children and I make sure that I provide them with unconditional love and holistic support, as needed. Since their father’s death in 201 0, it had been so challenging to support all of them and assuming the roles of provider, mother, housekeeper, writer, guidance counselor, and of course, a confidante, as they would require.† The situation exhibited by the parent-child relationship corroborated Luxton’s (2011 assertion that â€Å"because child rearing involves ensuring the physical, emotional and social development of a child from the total dependency of infancy to the relative

The establishment of America was long and controversial, but the Research Paper

The establishment of America was long and controversial, but the nation thrived in justice and liberty - Research Paper Example It discusses in detail the urge and the constant struggle of the nation to attain liberty and justice extracting ideas and information from the Voice of Freedom by Eric Foner. The majority of the individuals living in the United States were mainly the farmers and Native Americans (Indians). However, during the time of the exploration most of the European nations migrated to America for trade. The war of the independence initially begins when the different colonies that established in the south and North America because of the migration caused cultural diversity. The demands of the diverse group living in America transformed the meaning of freedom. These groups on their own strived to attain justice and fought for their rights. The peasants fought for their lands and rights, gender discriminations and religious freedom. It is evident during the American Revolution that the demands of equality among the people of America were often question. The peasant and slaves in America were recognized as inferior and had lower socio-economic status in the society. The difference between the privilege of the servants and peasants was embarked to be one of the major iss ues due to which the people of America strived for justice and independence. Hence, â€Å"The liberating Indentured Servant (1784)† was enacted that provided status for the slaves and servants in American Society. Eric states, "a group of respectable New Yorkers proposed to liberate the ship of the African slaves that were brought to America" (Foner 104). These free slaves were provided with a respectable and social status in the society so that they can enjoy their freedom to practice their rights. Previously, Virginia did not have a stable family structure because of the strict rules for the servants in the tobacco field. Browne (1644) States that Virginia remained to be a society with the high number of single men, widows and orphans rather than

Terms Modernism and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Terms Modernism and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Terms Modernism and Postmodernism" analyzes modernism and postmodernism and focuses on the theory of Post-Colonialism. There is not a single unanimously agreed definition of modernism and different scholars have defined it differently. Despite the absence of any agreed definition of modernism, all of the definitions of modernism talk about the changes in art, literature, business, and even in the daily lives of individuals because of the industrial revolution and formation of the industrial cities. In academic studies, modernism is a philosophical movement or is a particular perspective of looking at the universe and examining the activities of daily life. Modernism is the movement that shakes off all traditional things including religious belief from individuals’ lives and tries to make everything new. The movement encourages experimentation in every field and, therefore, new perspectives emerge. The effect of the modernism is conspicuous in art and literature as w ell. In literature, the writers reject the traditional method of writing smooth narrative fiction and â€Å"stream of consciousness† emerges as the replacement of the old narrative. The emergence of â€Å"abstract art† and â€Å"diversionist paintings† is the results of modernism. The philosophical movement of modernism starts in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It is â€Å"a set of ideas†. Post-modernism is also a kind of philosophical movement at the development either scientifically or non- scientifically in every walk of life.

The Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

The catcher and the rye is about the struggle of a boy to find a point to his life. The author of this masterpiece, J.D. Salinger, gives a flawless performance of the thoughts and feelings of a skeptical teenage boy. Holden Claufield despises the world of phonies he has come to understand. He doesn’t have many friends, and he is failing in all his classes. He has many problems along those lines, and some how, all of his problems can be related to his younger brother’s death. Holden will come to find that life is what you make of it and some times having a family that cares for you, is incredibly important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden is quite the negative type, for whatever reasons. He takes interest in nothing because he can easily find a logical reason why not to. He doesn’t even portray in social collaboration amongst schoolmates, aside from Stradlater and Ackley of course. He obviously does not join sports, plays, and other related activities, most likely because they are all too social. Holdens relationship with Stradlater, a GQ roommate, was more of a pastime activity, rather then a real friendship. Though Holden is a rather negative guy his thought structure is pure, and he is in general a good person with a free mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holdens disappointments all share a common center of rotation. â€Å"people† is the key problem. He doesn’t like how they work, how they pretend to be something they are not. Like an indirect lie that is shouted with out a word being said. It is people that make the worlds a huge and utter disappointment to Holden. He even has a name for such people, he calls them â€Å"phonies†. The reason for the name is quite self-explanatory. The other type of people that disappoint Holden, are those who are with out respect for anything. The type that only care about what is important to themselves. Ones who would write an obscenity where children play, for self-amusement. Holden doesn’t like these types all, but he keeps his thoughts to himself and remains at peace. Though Holdens negativity and disappointment level is great, he is unknowingly in search of happiness. Holdens initial life plan was to settle him self away from society, and if by chance there we people in this sanctuary, he would pretend to be deaf. One true thing that made Holden happy was sharing a moment with his sister, Peobe.

The Health Danger of Energy Drinks

Energy drinks are a kind of refreshments that are advertised as soft drinks that boost energy. The truth is these kinds of drinks are full of many harmful ingredients, such as sugar, stimulants, and other herbal supplements. Energy drinks are targeting high school and college students who may use this kind of drink to keep them awake for a midterm, or even give them a hallucination feeling any other alcoholic beverages will do. Many studies showed the disadvantageous of these drinks, yet this industry has wildfire between underage kids who used it to show their rebellious side through a safe and cheap way. A new study shows that 34% of youth between the ages of eighteen years old and twenty- four years old consume energy drinks regularly (Casiano, 2011), this large number of consumption should raise the question whether the united state should ban selling Energy drinks to underage kids, and treat it like alcoholic beverages? Youth are having a hard time keeping up with all of the school activities, volunteering, schoolwork, and maybe jobs; those people usually relay and learn bad habits that will effect their health in many years to come. Energy drinks can cause many health problems such as overdose, toxication, heart problems, blood pressure, liver problems, and teeth decaying. Joelving (2011)explains how a recent study in New Zealand’s show that the excessive amount of caffeine that is found in energy drinks can cause fast heart rate, insomnia, and anxiety; the study also shows that â€Å"just one energy drink is enough to make most kids experience some side effect, including mild ones like irritability or upset stomach. And there are other ingredients with effects of their own, such as the amino acid taurine, the herbal extracts yohimbine, guarana and ginseng, and often loads of sugar. † There are many types of energy drinks that are accessed easily in markets and gas stations. One of the most common types is Red Bull, in the website of this energy drink it is written that it will increase concentration and reaction speed, and improve vigilance and emotional status. These manufactures will grab young people attention who are in need to increase and improve their concentration, reaction speed, and emotional state; but they fail to acknowledge the side effect of their products, such as being very tired after several hours of â€Å"sugar rush†. An over dosage of Red Bull cause a twenty-eight years old man to have a heart attack (Richards), this incidents is one of many that prove to us that this dangerous products should be banned from super markets and other easily ccessed places for younger generation. Many Young adults choose to be rebellious to prove their social status; many young adults are mixing energy drinks with alcohol. Mixing a depressor like alcohol with a stimulant like caffeine cause the human body to forget the effect of alcohol, and make the youth drink more alcohol to feel the buzz feeling; leading them to consume more alcohol than their usual body limit. In 2010, nine college students were hospitalized after drinking alcoholic energy drink called four loko (Hogan, 2010). Four loko can be found in any gas station for about three dollars,it is commonly called â€Å" blackout in a can† , it can raise your alcoholic blood level to . 3; the legal limit for blood alcohol level is . 08. One can of four loko contain as much alcohol as a six pack of beer laced with several shots of espresso. Casiano, R., & Contributor, C. (2011, February 17). Queens chronicle – Study finds energy drinks bad for youth. TownNews.com . Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=20456245&BRD=2731 Joelving, F. (2011, February 14). As sales soar, experts warn about energy drinks – Yahoo! News. The top news headlines on current events from Yahoo! News. Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110214/us_nm/us_energy_drinks_1 Richards, C. (n.d.). Red bull overdose stops man’s heart |. Caffeine Products. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http://caffeineproducts.com/caffeine-news/red-bull-overdose-stops-mans-heart-3/2008/08/23/ Hogan, R. (2010, October 26). 9 Students Hospitalized After Drinking Four Loko Alcoholic Energy Drink  » Popular Fidelity  » Unusual Stuff. Popular Fidelity. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http://www.popfi.com/2010/10/26/9-students-hospitalized-after-drinking-four-loko-alcoholic-energy-drink/